Organisational Behaviour Job Satisfaction

Organisational Behaviour Job Satisfaction An employee’s degree of contentment in a particular task is referred to as job satisfaction. Various facets of a job may be liked or disliked by an employee. Job satisfaction can also be measured using feelings or cognition of the needs of workers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organisational Behaviour: Job Satisfaction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, employers should put in place strategic employee recognition systems and reasonable reward plans in order to boost job satisfaction. The effects of job satisfaction can be best understood using the EVLN (Exit-Voice-Loyalty-Neglect) model. When an employee leaves a situation, it is referred to as exit. Any change attempt is known as voice. However, patient employees are known to be loyal (Seo, Park, Kim, 2011). Finally, paying minimal attention or reducing work effort amounts to neglect, according to the EVLN theory. Wendy attempted the exit option when she requested for a month’s leave from work due to workplace challenges. She hoped that the situation would normalise in her absence. She also voiced her concerns and grievances through the outburst she created at Tanya’s office door. Tanya responded by neglecting her anger and went ahead with her duties as if everything was normal. It is also apparent that an employee like Freda opted to remain loyal to the nurse manager irrespective of the negative influence created by Wendy at workplace. There are high chances that Wendy may exit the clinic in future, because her ambitions were not met after she failed the interview. She also refused to accept the outcome of the interview. Wendy’s relationship with other employees may be significantly affected in future.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, the poor relationship will impede bot h the quality and quantity of production at the clinic. Tanya should present Wendy’s case to the top management of the clinic and also propose an immediate suspension pending the determination of her case. If the strategy is not taken, patients will not be protected as required. The clinics reputation will also be lowered. Inciting other employees may equally reduce efficiency levels of the workforce (Skarlicki Rupp, 2010). Tanya needs to understand that the motivation of employees is determined my myriads of factors. There is an urgent need for Tanya to use various modalities to motivate employees. The four drive theory states that choices are made based on the four key aspects namely, acquisition, defence, creation and bondage (Ibrahim Dickie, 2010). The theory will allow Tanya to identify Wendy’s drives at workplace. By attempting to satisfy the workforce, she will solve an existing problem. The drive to acquire will assist Tanya to understand how individual emplo yees strive to belong in the workplace. The creation drive will assist Tanya to forge unity and team work at the workplace environment. As much as Wendy has a serious concern at hand, it is important for Tanya to employ the equity theory, since it defines and gauges the relative satisfaction of workers. It is necessary for employees to strike a balance between their input in an organization and the associated benefits. Wendy and other employees can be satisfied using the aforementioned techniques.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organisational Behaviour: Job Satisfaction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The incident clearly showed that Wendy has a strong drive to acquire the status of a nurse manager. Tanya can try to make her useful by requesting her opinion regarding staff management issues so that she can gain a sense of belonging. This will create a harmonious working atmosphere for Tanya (Ibrahim Dickie, 2010) . Tanya should request all employees to offer their best efforts while at work and assure them that any opportunities to advance education or attend a seminar will be granted to them whenever deemed necessary (Tremblay, Blanchard, Taylor, Pelletier, Villeneuve, 2009). The latter approach will obviously motivate the workforce. Tanya should discuss with the management how the reputation of the clinic can be restored in order to satisfy employees’ self-drive to define and ability to defend the corporate culture. Additionally, increasing pay rates based on performance will motivate employees, because remuneration is a major motivating factor. References Ibrahim, E. Dickie, C. (2010). A conceptual model of the human resource climate dimensions that influence the development of workplace relationships. Journal of Research Practice in Human Resource Management, 18(2), 47-60. Seo, Y., Park, S. Kim, C. (2011). An Empirical Study on the Effects of Organisational Cynicism and EVLN R esponses on Organisational Commitment and Pro-union behavioural Intentions. International Journal of Contents, 7(2), 36-41. Skarlicki, D.P. Rupp, D. E. (2010). Dual processing and organisational justice: The role of rational versus experiential processing in third-party reactions to workplace mistreatment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(5), 944-952. Tremblay, M. A., Blanchard, C.M., Taylor, S., Pelletier, L.G. Villeneuve, M. (2009). Work Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation Scale: Its value for organisational psychology research. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 41(4), 213-226.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! 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Women and World War II - Women in the Government

Women and World War II - Women in the Government In addition to thousands of women who took government jobs in support of the war effort or to free up men for other jobs, women played key leadership roles in government. In China, Madame Chiang Kai-shek was an active promoter of the Chinese cause against the Japanese occupation. This wife of the Nationalist leader of China was head of Chinas air force during the war. She spoke to the US Congress in 1943. She was called the worlds most famous woman for her efforts. British women in government also played important roles during the war. Queen Elizabeth (wife of King George VI, born Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon) and her daughters, Princesses Elizabeth (future Queen Elizabeth II) and Margaret, were an important part of the morale effort, continuing to live at Buckingham Palace in London even when the Germans were bombing the city, and distributing aid in the city after bombing raids. Member of Parliament and feminist, American-born Nancy Astor, worked to keep up the morale of her constituents and served as unofficial hostess to American troops in England. In the United States, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt played an active role in building morale among civilians and military forces. Her husbands use of a wheelchair and his conviction that he must not be seen publicly as disabled meant that Eleanor traveled, wrote, and spoke. She continued to publish a daily newspaper column. She also advocated for responsible roles for women and for minorities. Other women in decision-making positions included Frances Perkins,  US Secretary of Labor (1933-1945), Oveta Culp Hobby who headed the War Departments Womens Interest Section and became director of the Womens Army Corps (WAC), and Mary McLeod Bethune who served as director of the Division of Negro Affairs and advocated the commissioning of black women as officers in the Womens Army Corps. At the end of the war, Alice Paul rewrote the Equal Rights Amendment, which had been introduced into and rejected by each session of Congress since women had achieved the vote in 1920. She and other former suffragists expected that womens contributions to the war effort would naturally lead to the acceptance of equal rights, but the Amendment didnt pass Congress until the 1970s, and eventually failed to pass in the required number of states.

Non-Market Analysis of British Petroleum (BP) Research Paper

Non-Market Analysis of British Petroleum (BP) - Research Paper Example Also, an analysis of costs involved in non- market happenings and their repercussions have also been discussed in this paper.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Non- market environments involve variety of issues, interests, informational, and institutional affects that invariably impact the market environments of any public corporation. David Beach and David Bruce Allen (2010)i have rightly stated that â€Å"non market strategies recognize that businesses are social and political beings, not just economic agents. Because companies create a distribute value, a plethora of actors seek to influence them – formally through laws and regulations, and informally, through social pressure, activism, and efforts to shape the public perception of business. Companies cannot escape this. Smart executives, therefore, engage with their social and political environments helping shape the rules of the game and reducing the risk of being hemmed in by external affairs.†Ã‚   British Petroleum is no exception to this norm. Therefore, the non- market environments that BP faces also impact its market environments. Take the recent non- market happening of oil spill on the shores of US Gulf of Mexico, BP is responsible for operational errors for the disaster. The company is responsible to bear non- market cost for cleaning the oil spill. These costs are stated to surpass $20 billion, and will drastically impact the financial statements of the company. â€Å"The company is presently debating the issue of dividend distributions. Any impact on dividend is bound to carry uncontrollable and far reaching consequences on market forces, and thereby on the share prices of the company. The market for the shares of BP has crashed down because of the public and political hue and cry against BP. Accordingly, the market and non market forces are interrelated. A firm’s activities in its market environment can generate non- market

Chapter 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chapter 7 - Essay Example Yet, he had one drawback and that was his young age and the lack of experience. Patrick drew inspiration from the story of David in the Bible to take on his aged and experienced adversary, and against the â€Å"Experience Counts† slogan of his adversary, he developed the right counter slogan â€Å"Our Future †¦Right Here, Right Now†, indicating the arrival of the new generation. The battle for political domination among the African Americans between the Civil Rights generation and the Hip Hop generation taking a new twist. Patrick went on to win and become the Mayor of Detroit. Similar scenarios were developing elsewhere too, like in Newark, where new generation Corey Booker challenged old guard Sharpe James. Corey Booker may have lost the vote by narrow margin, but his efforts along with that of Patrick symbolized the challenge that the younger generation were posing to the older generation across urban America. Patrick is proud to be known as a hip hop mayor, a t itle for a young generation mayor, supportive of hip hop politics. However, as a mayor Patrick has striven to demonstrate responsibility to the electorate, by concentrating on the problems of the children and citizens of Detroit.

The Personal Analytical Paper Essay Example for Free

The Personal Analytical Paper Essay Often times, I find myself sitting alone, reading a book or enjoying a cup of coffee. Sometimes I could sit for hours in a coffee shop just by myself. I contemplate on the things that are going on in my life. I think of the issues and problems that are bothering me. I try to sort out the many things that trouble me.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I cannot help but question myself, why do I prefer to keep my problems to myself? Why do I choose not to open up to other people? My best friend has asked me this question several times. Why can’t I let others in?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As I try to figure out the answer to my question, I begin to analyze the other facets of myself. Am I anti-social? Am I a loner? Can I not mingle with other people? If I answer yes to any of these questions then I need not explore any further for they would explain why I prefer to keep things to myself. However, I cannot say that I am completely anti-social. I cannot say that I am a loner nor can I say that I do not mingle with other s for I do. I go out; I socialize and have fun but when it comes to personal matters, particularly personal struggles and problems, I tend not to open up to anyone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Other people would call their closest friends at times of trouble. Others would seek help or simply look for a comforting shoulder or an ear willing to listen. I myself have friends who would call me and tell me their issues no matter how big or small. They would open up about the simplest problems to the most complicated ones. I listen and offer my shoulder so why do I not seek out the same things when I have the same problems? It is not that I do not have anyone to turn to for I believe I have sincere and true friends around. It is not that I think my friends would not understand for I know that they are more than capable of helping me analyze the situation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   So why can’t I open up to them? Why do I prefer to sit with a book or a cup of coffee to sort out my problems? As I figure out the answers to these questions over a cup of dark roast coffee, as I usually do, I realize that it is just my nature to handle things on my own.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since I was young, my parents have raised me to become independent. They tried to instill in me the value of knowing what I can do and doing it. They taught me that if I can do something on my own then I should just do it on my own. As I look back on my past, I realized that even though help has been offered so many times in so many different situations I have always preferred to do things on my own.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I realized that my coffee shop sessions were merely my planning and organizing phase. It is at these times when I try to figure out if there’s anything I can do to resolve the problems I face. The coffee sessions alone are my version of private space. As I look around in the coffee shop I feel connected to the world yet at the same time I feel that I have my own space and time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Having coffee alone, in my case, is not a sign of being a loner. Rather it is a sign of every individual belonging to the same world yet at the same time having his own little world to explore and contemplate on.

Emotional Transitions to Adulthood Essay -- Papers

Emotional Transitions to Adulthood During the early part of adulthood major emotional transition takes place. At the beginning of the adulthood lifestage you begin to seprate from your parents and family and no longer rely upon your peers to support you in a pratical way- such as doing your washing and also in a emotional way, you begin to find that your parents aren't such a big fixture in your life. During our early adulthood we spend alot of our time finding a partner and once we do we become emotionally attached and begin to rely upon our spouse for support as we once did our parents. During our adulthood we make the transition to 3 new roles- worker, partner and parent and must adapt emotionally to fit these new roles. Becoming a parent is a major life event which usually happens in adulthood. As a parent you must learn to deal with a whole new type of emotions and love which you possibly haven't felt before. Becoming a parent creates a greater feeling of self- worth. As life expectancy is increasing it is normal to have one parent (usually mother) still living yet it is not uncommon to have to deal with the death of at least one parent which is emotionally unbalancing. Greif is, emotionally, one of the hardest life evnts to deal with. It can take people years to get over the death of a loved one and some people never recover and can't laearn to deal with the huge sense of emptiness and loneliness the death of a loved one can leave. Towards the end of adulthood you have to deal with the feelings that your children no longer need you, which can be particulary hard when the youngest child leaves home as for most of ... ...e out-lived their spouse retirement can be a very lonely time with few chances to communicate with other people, particulary if they are still in mourning which is quite common. If they suffer from a disability it will likely effect their social life. It can often leave a person house-bound which will greatly effect their enjoyment of later adulthood. In conclusion, a persons enjoyment of life during later adulthood greatly depends on a variety things which leaves me doubtless in thinking that will effect a persons social life. Some people find as they get older their social becomes non- existent and it can also appear that they are simplt waiting to die. However, for some people, under the right circumstances their social life has never looked as healthy and their best part of their life was during retirement.

Disabled Athletes

Karen defines disability as persons who have disabilities or individuals with a physical impairment. These people have entered into the sport world and various terms have been used to describe them in bid to describe sports designed for people with disabilities. However, according to Karen this term does not fully describe entity of sports in which athletes with disabilities can be found. Sport in this context adopts a broader meaning including all individuals with disabilities and hence disability sport focusing more on the competitive sport and athletes with disabilities.This includes goal ball for blind athletes, wheelchair basketball for athletes with physical impairment who use wheelchair, or sitting volleyball for athletes with lower-limb impairments. Disability sport also includes athletics, swimming, volleyball that have been adopted to include athletes with disabilities. Deaf sport is often considered a separate entity from disability sport, but has become included within th e context of disability sport. In the past, sport was only accessible to few and many people were locked outside the sporting arena.These included women, members of ethnic minorities, and persons with disabilities, due to culture, gender, ethnicity, and class or disability affiliation. Due to these stereotypes, persons with disabilities were marginalized and had limited participation in social issues. They had been secluded and disenfranchised and there has been extremely inclusion and acceptance in the sport arena. There was a perception that people with disabilities were weak or physically impaired hence could not participate in sports.Such treatment was also extended to women as gender and also women with disabilities. The medical restrictions also played part in excluding persons with disabilities form participating in sports. These were also due to the attitude of doctors’ and lack of knowledge. This has decreased and there is now more research done, appreciation of the abilities of such people as socialization with other members of society increases. There has been a tendency by the society to reject or discourage youth with disability to deviate from the social role or expectations such as just watching to play.This denies such youths the opportunity to develop appropriate sport behavior early in life. There has also been mixed attitudes toward people with disabilities participating in sports. This perceived frailty, weakness, experience resulting from defeat, has discouraged such people from competing. At the same time, disability sport ahs been viewed as lower sporting activity and not a legitimate sport. Less public recognition, awards, opportunities and media attention ahs not been given to this sport.However, there is little emerging integrated participation in sporting events. Main barriers to inclusion in sports have been the society’s attitude towards individuals with disabilities due to myths, categorizing and hence grouping peopl e, stereotyping, common misconceptions that persons with disabilities could not perform certain sports, lack of organized sport programmes, lack of informal early experiences in sport, lack of coaching and training, limited access to sport facilities and limiting psychological and sociological factors.However, some of these barriers have been reduced through increasing number of role models for aspiring athletes with disabilities, increasing visibility if disability sport resulting to more sport opportunities, community-based recreational and sport prograsmmes for people with disabilities have increased though they are not sufficient in tapping the potential and the population of individual with disabilities, there is an increased number of trained professionals and physical educators to train people with disabilities.Physical and attitudinal barriers initially limited athletes with disabilities from meaningful participation in sports. Despite the much progress and greater opportuni ty today for athletes with disability, economic, psychological and social barriers remain. Disability sport has made its mark upon society and individuals with disabilities have become recognized as athletes for their achievements and accomplishments in sports. Legislative framework ahs also made disability sport more accessible.Nowadays physical and competitive sport has become viable opportunities for individuals with disabilities. It is clear that the disability sport is taking root and being assimilated in the social values. The past discrimination has decreased in such magnitudes. Milestones have been achieved even incorporation into the Olympics. However, major challenges still face this sport. The perception of the people having disabilities should change so as not to view themselves as lesser members of the society.The nature of posing as passive recipients of the reformation process needs to be changed to active participation and pro-activeness in bring more changes within this sector. Competitive sport has not been fully integrated in the developing countries which sill struggle with organizational structures and poverty has not paid much attention to disability sport. It is therefore critical that processes that lead to poverty be addressed by capacity building of the disability groups through funding, education and training.Karen observes that persons with disabilities have participated and won both in the able-bodied arenas and also in the disability sports. This shows great potential among those with disabilities of kind. This potential ought to be tapped and exploited at national and global level through integrated forums like intercontinental sports. At the same time the disability sport is bound to grow as more recognition is given and also may reduce as it sis being integrated into mainstream sport.

Phenomenology and Healthier Organismic Self

Exploring the terminology of the word Phenomenology and its etymology, presents me with an overture dating back to a long tradition of philosophical literature. I find it very difficult to try and explain what phenomenology means, because expressing significant ideas of one philosopher, will exclude others, and my choices will contradict the very idea of what phenomenology is beginning to mean for me. Drawing examples from phenomenological theoretical sources, I shall integrate personal experience to support what I understand by the term phenomenology.In brief, I am going to start to explain what I understand about the term Phenomenology by giving answers with references from theoretical sources. I shall, in no particular order along this essay, give examples to support the reason why I think phenomenology is important in Counselling and Psychotherapy. Lastly, I intent to discuss my current ability to understand my own, and another person’s worldview with some examples.The ter m Phenomenology originates from the Greek word phainomenon, meaning appearance, that which shows itself, and, logos meaning science or study. As Hans Cohn puts it, â€Å"the Greek word ‘phenomenon’ is derived from a verb meaning to appear, to come into the light, and ‘logos’, on the other hand, is rooted in a Greek verb meaning ‘to say’. (Cohn, 1997:9-10). To me this suggests, come into light through speech, or enlighten oneself through speech. In simple terms phenomenology is the study of how things appear to be.In order to acknowledge the phenomenon of perception, Edmund Husserl (1859-1938), developed a method from his former teacher’s philosophical intentionality, Franz Brentano (1838-1917) that explains how reality cannot be grasped directly because it is available only through perceptions of reality, which are representations of it in the mind. This is a method that attempts to describe phenomena without prior assumptions, by rejec ting prior beliefs or consciousness about things, events and people.His aim was to find a way to transcend subjectivity and understand phenomenon through experience as the source of conscious knowledge (Dermot Moran, 2002:1-22). He intended by this to suspend or bracket events, to go beyond the usual choices of perception to describe the things as they really are. Husserl’s phenomenological method includes concepts of Noema, ‘the object of our attention, or, blocks of meaning’, Noesis to mean, ‘the experience as it is experienced and the act of consciousness itself, or, process of conferring meaning’, and Bracketing ‘an act of suspending our prejudices and usual interpretations’ (Van Deurzen, 2005: 154).At this stage, these concepts are helping me to frame old acknowledged ‘blocks’ and consciously describe them. It is also helping me to bring to my awareness some of my behaviour patterns, which I was unaware of, or aware in hindsight, but unaware of their reasons. Husserl’s method is ingenious in that it brings to light my ‘perspective dynamics’ (sense of reality, prejudices, family dynamics) and helps me to understand and realise how to locate my blocks. I can now begin to verbalise enigmatic reactions and unveil covert fears, when truth about my character and individual qualities begin to be more approachable and real.I very often have been lost in my own personal history not knowing any other way out of it. ‘This felt like a block in my life loosing touch, feeling alienated within myself and therefore, preventing the self to extend towards other people as fully as I would wish. In my understanding of phenomenology in the above example, my own blocks can prevent me from living in the moment of now. The examples that will follow, there are so many thoughts and emotions distracting me from the moment of now.Learning to make conscious my personal assumptions in the form of noem a, noesis and bracketing, an aspect of phenomenological reduction called Epoche, was to learn how to suspend prejudice, frame a particular behaviour in focus, and examine the way I view things and people. I don’t know if it is possible to translate this process of reduction in all layers of my behaviour. But what I do know, is that this reduction process has taught me to be aware, in a more awake state, of my hidden intentionality and to take responsibility, or better own my thoughts and actions consciously because very often I searched for the blame outside of myself.And the search was not to be found outside, but the understanding of those reactions is to be found deep inside of me. ‘Bracketing is necessary because the phenomenological inquiry is not mere fact-finding, it is the apprehension of intentional acts’ (Van Deurzen, 2005: 154). Husserl’s transcendental Phenomenology hasn’t particularly been followed by his students and former colleagues such as Martin Heidegger (Spinelli, 1989:2-3). A remark from Paul Ricoeur follows ‘that phenomenology is the story of the deviations from Husserl; â€Å"the history of phenomenology is the history of Husserlian heresies† (Moran, 2002:2).I find that Husserl’s at the time controversial scientific opinions allows phenomenological progression. But his findings are a good basis to question what our true values are, to allow us to investigate our potential to be good therapists. Why is the relationship between Phenomenological philosophy, Existential, Person- centred Counselling and Psychotherapy, important in counselling and psychotherapy? I very soon started to comprehend that phenomenology addresses key questions of human experience and that this attempts to examine the process of subjective human nature, without being indoctrinated by some fixed theory.Philosophers have written a great deal about the nature of the self, and it is useful for psychotherapists to refl ect if they are addressing human issues of existence from the right angle or just emphasising one from an infinity of possibilities, or simply if the theory needs progression. One concern that I think relevant to consider is that psychotherapy, particularly existential and person-centred counselling, focus on the promotion of the client’s autonomy (Sanders, 2004). Are the theories open enough to offer that autonomy, or are they in its effort to make sense of a state of mind, limiting its variability?In my opinion, it is essential to have an uncluttered mind which is free from unprejudiced assumptions when approaching psychotherapy and counselling. Existential therapists for example, put more emphasis on the existence, than on the essence through the phenomenological reduction, because they do not wish to suspend existence. Carl Rogers‘s (1902-1987) concept of phenomenology maintains that knowledge of individual perceptions of reality is required for the understanding of the human behaviour, and suggests that we live in accordance with our subjective awareness (Nye, 1992:97).Rogers believed that human beings need the right psychological and environmental conditions to allow the troubled self to change and find a healthier organismic self. ‘Necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change’ (Kirshenbaum & Henderson, 1990:219). There are three core conditions out of the six sufficient conditions: Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR), meaning truly accepting the person as they are with no pre-conceived judgements intruding in the process of the relationship between client and counsellor.Empathy, meaning listening carefully, leaves aside my conditions of worth, and, Congruence, meaning genuine authenticity within the counselling relationship (Hough, 1998:103-104). I found a way to process these conditions through phenomenology. I can see the parallel between person-centred and existential psychotherapy, because for examp le, Rogers’s therapy involves the therapist's entry into the client's unique phenomenological world, without attempting to search for unconscious motives, but rather concentrate on immediate conscious experience and expectations (Sanders, 2004:4).These conditions have to be processed within myself first, before I can attempt to offer them to other people. To me, there was an intellectual and emotional understanding of how to integrate Rogers’ core conditions when with other people, but I was missing the link ‘how’ to do it, because the theory felt all very delicate, non-directive and carved for those who were born with those qualities. I wanted it to be part of my daily make up, but I many times regressed to old habits, and felt I was back to square zero.This is the reason why I think phenomenology is important in counselling and psychotherapy. It is a method that allows us to strip down any masks or shadows we have and work on many of our unprocessed cond itions of worth, for a healthier organismic experiencing. I have been fortunate to find the path to work on my true self, and something definitely happened in my conscious mind caused by the above learning cues. I can honestly describe with some contentment that I am processing my projections successfully with my environmental relationships.The example that follows, describes a significant event that showed me I have brought into light what looked like a projection into my full conscious. Right at the beginning of the academic year, I used to hear one of my colleagues speak, and I used to feel some irritation. I didn’t know the cause. It was only after the third week that I questioned myself the reason why because the symptom persisted. I wrote on my journal: I feel I was quite disrespectful today towards ‘Blue Sky’ when she was speaking in the group experience. (Blue Sky is a pseudonym name.I give all my course group colleagues a pseudonym name to keep their ide ntity protected). I reflected on my interrupting her several times while she was speaking. Interrupting felt intruding because something was not flowing. I like Blue Sky but I have ambivalent feelings towards her. I still don’t know what and why I feel the way I do. She is lovely and warm and welcoming and emotionally intelligent †¦ Today, my tutors introduced philosophy to the group. It is fascinating to be introduced to the question about subjectivity.Our subjective truth is based on our subjective human experience. Is this going to help me to find out about my incognitos? †¦ I don’t want to be lost in my own personal history and yet I do want to know all those parts of me that hurt and why. In learning phenomenology and the wish to get acquainted with those parts of me that remain unclear, provoked some sort of brewing threatening sensation. Nevertheless, over the next few weeks I went through a very painful learning curve. Phenomenology helped me to disc over my irritability about Blue Sky.After class, we took the train together and we were talking fluidly, when all of sudden, that cloudy irritable sensation about her struck back again, and I noticed it affected my congruent and empathic responses towards her. She must have felt it because our conversation fell flat. When she left the train, I knew it wasn’t her doing. I knew I was transferring something berried deep in me. I couldn’t write my journal for the rest of the journey as I usually do, and was suspended over that event that just happened.I went back to that feeling that made me feel that way, and I connected the event. I knew somebody 24 years ago that looked like Blue Sky. I was struck by the physical and verbal similarities and even more surprised how the arms and body expressions are so similar. Why didn’t I see that before? She was my then husband’s ex-girl-friend. It was a very painful experience at the time, because she didn’t seem to be able to forget him, and I could see her pain, and with that she was hurting my relationship with my husband by not wanting to give him up.Linking the irritation about Blue Sky with a totally unconnected old event, is proof that unresolved emotional and psychological experiences impedes reciprocal interaction and communication with another person in the present. For this reason, I was so happy to release Blue Sky out of my perception, and see her for what she really is. On that same week another projection towards one of my tutors was resolved, and when I discovered what it was, I experienced that same relieved sensation. I am now able to see my tutor for whom he is showing to be and not for what I was projecting.To me this is a sign that I am learning to identify my introjects, and not just let the natural attitude react as the victim of my conditions of worth. I feel that I am growing towards my potential, in Rogerian terms called actualising tendency, for a healthier organis mic self (Mearns & Thorne, 1988:11-14). In Gestalt terms this is described as healthy cycle, the drive towards actualisation of the self (Clarkson, 1989:27). Although these projections were resolved, I continued to feel a threatening sensation that there was more to come and I even felt physically sick over a period of two weeks with sleepless symptoms and anxiety.I felt all my toxicities were coming to the surface as a result of this process and told this to the group. All the present negative experiences were mirrored in the way I was articulating myself. The group reacted very strongly when I used the word toxic to describe myself, and said that they didn’t experience me that way. It was with the group process that I realised I was using punitive self-description, such as ‘I am toxic‘, that were introjects from a significant other’s values imposed upon me.I was beginning to believe those descriptions about me, and owning them. My language was showing sel f-condemnation in front of the group, but in truth I was using the group as a healthy pillar, or in Gestalt (form) terms, healthy cycle, to test my organismic experience of failure, and to examine the accuracy of my introjects (Clarkson, 1989:27). What came to the surface was how I feel vulnerable and unsupported at home. This showed me a dysfunction in the boundary disturbance of my private cycle, and a disclosure of my coping mechanisms.By believing the negative description of my significant other, I’m taking in the other person’s projection. I showed therefore a coping mechanism called confluence, which is a merging sense of self with the projection of the other. Patricia Clarkson explains that Fritz Perls saw these coping mechanisms ‘only as neurotic when used chronically and inappropriately ‘†¦ they are useful and healthy when authentically chosen temporarily†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ The other person‘s negative view of me is often things they cannot a cknowledge or accept in themselves.There are other three most important psychological coping mechanisms, out of the seven fixed Gestalts called, introjection, meaning to take in values without questioning them; projection, as explained above, and retroflection meaning inability to externalise emotion, the act of directing a difficult emotion such as anger at oneself rather than at somebody who has provoked the emotion (Clarkson, 1989:42-45). What I have learned from these experiences is how some of my own subjectivities and defences can get in the way of being open to other people.I would be carrying a false-self when offering non-judgemental acceptance, empathic and genuineness towards others, if I haven’t inwardly processed my conditions of worth. This process of dismantling my projections so intensely are absolutely essential in that I am responsible for knowing myself to the fullest of my capacity before I come in serious helping contact with clients. There is a danger of not resolving blocks that can interfere with a therapeutic relationship, in that clients can become the projection of the counsellor.This is why I think phenomenology is important in counselling and psychotherapy, because it helps us to put in practice the process of identifying our troubles and put it aside in order to be able to understand another person’s world view to the fullest of our competency. I do befriending volunteering once a week, and I noticed that my listening skills have improved and that my natural attitude for interpreting is decreasing, leaving room for the client to find meaning in the description of their feelings.I noticed that the quality of the relationship with some of my clients is deepening in that we are allowing more sensitive layers of hurt to surface. Clients on the search of a healthier organismic self will benefit the most from a therapeutic relationship when the counsellor can facilitate deepest understanding for the client’s percept ion of their world. This is only possible, if the counsellor has developed skills to discern about what is the client’s concern and what is the counsellor’s projection.A good relationship can only be built as far as a counsellor’s skills facilitate the client to feel the space is theirs to explore in the present. Irvin Yalom puts beautifully, ‘†¦ a therapist helps a patient not by sifting through the past but by being lovingly present with that person; by being trustworthy, interested; and by believing that their joint activity will ultimately be redemptive and healing’ (Yalom, 1989:227).Just as I thought I have learned a substantial amount of phenomenological theory to expand openness in my thinking process, with the aim to prepare me to understand myself, and then another person’s worldview, I read about Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980). I find Sartre’s concept of nothingness, that human beings are essentially emptiness and that we are constantly creating and reinventing ourselves, mind blowing. The human tragedy is that we aspire to being definite and fixed as objects are’; ‘†¦ human paradox: on the one hand we are nothing definite and, because of this, on the other hand we are able to become many different things†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Sartre would call what I described in the above paragraphs about introjects, ‘bad faith’ as an important human strategy. To be in bad faith is to perform role-plays in the here-and-now to cope with situations (van Deurzen, 1997:45- 48).In conclusion, phenomenology has opened gates to infinite possibilities of thinking consciously, supplying me with more space to understand how to be with other people. It is hardly surprising and I can understand why psychotherapy chooses to draw wisdom from phenomenological philosophy, because there seams to be a flux with no fix point to allow further exploration of the human distinctive many layered qualities. What is special and significant about this Phenomenological movement is its evolving history in search for truth in perceptions and beyond perceptions.My argument that my ability to understand another person’s world view, lies in my ability to comprehend and integrate all of the above discussed theoretical processes in my behaviour. The vignette ‘Blue Sky’ illustrates my present ability to recognise limits in my character and the willingness to change. I have set myself in an un-compromised path to know myself profoundly for both the benefit of my self-development and ultimately for the benefit of my future clients.I can choose the state of my mind and the emotions attached to it, and that therefore, interactions between me and other people will be of an egalitarian and mutual understanding. The examples I gave about my tutor and voluntary placement with clients, illustrate my endeavour to be fully authentic and transparent in all parts of me, including the understanding of relationship’s phenomenon. I could give other examples of how interactions with other people were successful, but they would have not demonstrated the difficulties and the painful metamorphosis I am going through towards the route of understanding myself, and others.

Free Essays on Interview With Clergymen

For my report I interviewed Father Charles, a priest at my local church. My assignment was to find out about the priest’s views on sexuality. After interviewing the priest and asking a variety of questions regarding sexuality, I found that his answers were often contradicting to traditional views. Many times the Father’s views differed from those of the Catholic Church. The subjects of my questioning ranged from same sex relationships to use of birth control. Although the Catholic Church has openly taken its stance against homosexuality and same sex marriages, Father Charles seemed to take a more liberal view on the topic. When asked about the topic, he made it perfectly clear that he, in no way, condones or advocates these types of relationships. The Father did however say that he is able to empathize with homosexuals because his brother is openly a homosexual. The father said that he realizes that homosexuality is not a choice but rather that being a homosexual is something you are born to be. He also feels that although homosexuality is a sin, like all other sins committed, god will forgive those people. Another part of the conversation was that of the use of birth control. The Catholic Church is obviously Pro-Life and Father Charles had the same view on the subject. He does not believe that birth control needs to be used. He thinks that premarital sex is wrong. Father Charles believes that if a woman becomes pregnant, that she should have the baby under almost all circumstances. He does not believe that birth control should be an option when two people decide that they are ready to have sex. He believes that sexual intercourse is a very holy part of life, and that birth control takes away from the beauty of life. The reason I chose to pick this assignment is that it was the assignment I was most comfortable with. The reason I chose to interview Father Charles is he had both traditional and liberal views on t... Free Essays on Interview With Clergymen Free Essays on Interview With Clergymen For my report I interviewed Father Charles, a priest at my local church. My assignment was to find out about the priest’s views on sexuality. After interviewing the priest and asking a variety of questions regarding sexuality, I found that his answers were often contradicting to traditional views. Many times the Father’s views differed from those of the Catholic Church. The subjects of my questioning ranged from same sex relationships to use of birth control. Although the Catholic Church has openly taken its stance against homosexuality and same sex marriages, Father Charles seemed to take a more liberal view on the topic. When asked about the topic, he made it perfectly clear that he, in no way, condones or advocates these types of relationships. The Father did however say that he is able to empathize with homosexuals because his brother is openly a homosexual. The father said that he realizes that homosexuality is not a choice but rather that being a homosexual is something you are born to be. He also feels that although homosexuality is a sin, like all other sins committed, god will forgive those people. Another part of the conversation was that of the use of birth control. The Catholic Church is obviously Pro-Life and Father Charles had the same view on the subject. He does not believe that birth control needs to be used. He thinks that premarital sex is wrong. Father Charles believes that if a woman becomes pregnant, that she should have the baby under almost all circumstances. He does not believe that birth control should be an option when two people decide that they are ready to have sex. He believes that sexual intercourse is a very holy part of life, and that birth control takes away from the beauty of life. The reason I chose to pick this assignment is that it was the assignment I was most comfortable with. The reason I chose to interview Father Charles is he had both traditional and liberal views on t...

How to Withdraw From College the Right Way

How to Withdraw From College the Right Way Once youve made the difficult decision to withdraw from college, the first thing on your mind is likely to get away from campus as soon as possible. Unfortunately, moving too quickly may cause you to forget a few important tasks, which can prove both costly and detrimental. So, just what do you need to do to make sure youve covered all of your bases? Approaching this decision the right way will save you difficulties in the future. Talk to Your Academic Adviser   Your first stop should be to meet with your academic adviser- in person. Even though it might seem easier to send an email, this kind of decision warrants an in-person conversation. Will it be awkward? Maybe. But spending 20 minutes having a face-to-face conversation can save you hours of mistakes later. Talk to your adviser about your decision and ask the correct way to let your institution know youd like to withdraw. Talk to the Financial Aid Office The official date of your withdrawal will likely have a major impact on your finances. If, for example, you withdraw early in the semester, you might need to pay back all or part of any student loans you received to cover school expenses. Additionally, any scholarship funds, grants, or other monies you received might need to be repaid. If you withdraw late in the semester, your financial obligations might be different. Therefore, meeting with someone in the financial aid office about your choice to withdraw can be a smart, money-saving decision. Let the financial aid officer know your intended withdrawal date and ask how this will affect the money you have paid or loans youve received so far. Your financial aid officer can also let you know when you will need to begin repaying loans you received in prior semesters. Talk to the Registrar In addition to the conversations you have with school administrators, you will likely need to submit something in writing about your reasons for withdrawing and your official date of withdrawal. The registrars office might also need you to complete paperwork to make your withdrawal official. Since the registrars office also usually handles transcripts, you will want to make sure your records are clear so youll have no difficulty obtaining copies of your transcripts and official documents in the future. After all, if youre thinking of going back to school or applying for a job, you dont want your transcripts to indicate that you failed your courses because you didnt get your official withdrawal paperwork completed correctly. Talk to the Housing Office If youre living on campus, youll also have to let the housing office know about your decision to withdraw. Youll want to get a final determination of fees for the semester as well as costs for cleaning and preparing the room for another student. The housing office will also be able to give you the official deadline for removing all of your belongings. Lastly, ask for the name of the person to whom you should return your keys. Be sure to get a receipt to document the date and time that you turn over your room and keys. You dont want to be charged for a locksmith simply because you returned your keys to the wrong individual. Talk to the Alumni Office You dont have to graduate from an institution to be considered an alumnus. If youve attended, youre eligible for services through the alumni office. Its a good idea to stop by the alumni office and introduce yourself before you leave campus. When you visit the alumni office, leave a forwarding address and get information on alumni benefits which may include everything from job placement services to discounted health insurance rates. Even if youre leaving school without a degree, youre still part of the community and youll want to stay informed about how your institution can support your future endeavors.

COPD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

COPD - Essay Example The diagnosis of the last visit was emphysema that was ruled out from the X-Ray report that indicated an increased AP diameter and hyperinflation of both lungs. However, the patient rejected the endorsed pulmonary function trials and did not want to be admitted in the hospital. She was discharged, and the doctor prescribed antibiotics and inhaler as treatment to enhance her condition. To conclude that the patient suffered from emphysema, it was necessary to carry out the chest X-ray (Cohn & Brower, 2012). The results showed hyperinflation of both lungs that had an enlarged AP diameter. Based on the patient’s complaints the diagnosis of dyspnea and cough is made. For further analysis, pneumonia is a likely illness because of the high fevers of 101 degrees, hence a need to carry out the appropriate tests. In addition, on percussion of her chest a dullness sound was heard which is an indication of pneumonia. In order to confirm the COPD diagnosis and measure the severity of the obstruction, other diagnostic trial, for instance, spirometry is critical (Lam, 2014). On the other hand, the laboratory tests include ÃŽ ±l-antitrypsin and hemoglobin/hematocrit levels. Lack of ÃŽ ±l-antitrypsin is a risk factor for OCPD and the hemoglobin/hematocrit levels determine the extent of hypoxemia. It is also crucial to consider sleeplessness as a diagnosis since the patient suffers from orthopnea. I gained further understanding that COPD consists of emphysema and bronchitis. I also gained insight on the difference between COPD, asthma and pneumonia. In addition, I gained knowledge on the significance of adherence to recommended treatment and physical exercise to limit the continuation of COPD. I also comprehended the different levels of COPD and that taking a balanced diet is paramount in minimizing exacerbations. Moreover, it is important to receive pneumonia vaccines in every five years as well as influenza vaccine annually to avoid

Master dissertation proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Master dissertation proposal - Essay Example According to Henry Sweet, the real intrinsic difficulty in learning English as a foreign language lies in having to master its vocabulary. (p. 66) Indeed, the value of vocabulary for foreign learners of English is out of all proportion to its size, because, once it is mastered, it would inevitably lead to flexibility and acceptable standards in the productive use of English. Specifically, learning the English vocabulary is difficult for Arabs due to several reasons. First, there is no positive transfer between Arab and English vocabularies. There are only few English words borrowed from Arabic and that a small range of mainly English technical words such as radar, helicopter and television have found their away in Arabic vocabulary. In addition to this, wrote Swan and Smith, Arabic speakers have very few aids to reading and listening comprehension by virtue of their first language, and they should not be expected to acquire English at anything like the same pace as European learners. Here lies the significance of CALL. According to Keith Cameron, one interesting clue in vocabulary acquisition is that initially learners store vocabulary on the basis of sound, and only later on the basis of meaning. (p. 9) This is just one of the dimensions in vocabulary acquisition that CALL could address. For instance, the long period of time required to learn new words can be remarkably shortened with CALL’s capability of providing multiple exposure in varied contexts. This is particularly important because it gives the learner the opportunity to use his or her normal vocabulary learning faculties such as guessing, inducing, experimenting, checking, refining hypothesis, among others. (Cameron, p. 9) The above arguments in regard to the potential of CALL in improving vocabulary acquisition are the main subject of this research. This paper seeks to identify the positive effects as well as the disadvantages of the vocabulary learning strategies that feature CALL. The